Monday, October 31, 2011
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GENERAL STUDIES - INDIAN HISTORY
History - Pre-historic and Vedic Civilisation
Ancient geographers referred to Himalayas, as also their less elevated offshoot—the Patkai, Lushai and Chittagong hills in the east and the Sulaiman and Kirthar ranges in the west— as Himavat. Jambu-dvipa was considered to be the innermost of seven concentric island-continents into which the earth, as per Hindu cosmographers, was supposed to have been divided. The Indian sub-continent is said to part of Jambu-dvipa.
Sapta sindhavah is the name of the country of the Aryans in the Vedas.
In the ancient literature, there are references of India being divided into five divisions. In the centre of the Indo-Gangetic plains was the Madhya-desh, stretching from river Saraswati, which flowed past Thanesar and Pehowa (present-day Haryana) to Allahabad and Varanasi. The western part of this area was known as Brahamrishi-desh, and the entire region was roughly equivalent to Aryavrata as described in the grammar of Patanjali. To the north of Madhya-desh lay Uttarapatha and to its west Aparanta (Western India), to its south Dakshinapath or Deccan and to its east Purvadesh. The term Dakshinapath was in some ancient works restricted to the upper Deccan, north of river Krishna and far south was termed as Tamilakam or the Tamil country.
The Negritos were the first human inhabitants of India. Originally, they came from Africa through Arabia, Iran and Baluchistan. They have practically disappeared from the soil of India, except in Andaman Islands.
The Munda languages belong to the Austro-Asiatic family and are to be found at present in the eastern half of Central India, southern border of the Himalayas and Kashmir and the territory east of Nepal.
Prakit was the single language of Indian sub-continent in third century B.C. Sanskrit came into being a few centuries later.
The term Paleolithic is derived from two Greek words meaning Old Stone. This name is applied to the earliest people as the only evidence of their existence is furnished by a number of rude stone implements.
Paleolithic men in India are also known as Quartzite men from the fact that majority of chipped stones found in different parts of India are made of hard rock called quartzite.
Paleolithic paintings have been found in caverns at Singanpur near Raigarh in Madhya Pradesh, as also in Kaimur ranges and some places in Mirzapur district.
With the advent of age of metals, in Northern India, copper replaced stone as ordinary material for tools and weapons. And, it took several centuries for iron to replace copper. In Southern India, however, the Iron Age immediately succeeded the Stone Age.
The Indus civilization existed in the same period as those of Egypt, Assyria and Babylonia.
Mohenjodaro was discovered by R.D. Banerjee in 1922 and Harappa by R.B. Dayaram Sahni. Later on, the work was taken over by Sir John Marshall, Director-General of Archeology.
The fertile surrounding region of Mohenjodaro is called Nakhlistan or the Garden of Sind.
It is presumed that Iron was not known to the Indus Valley civilisation as not a single scrap of iron has been found in the excavations at various sites.
Developed city-life, use of potter’s wheel, kiln-burnt bricks, and vessels made of copper and bronze are some common and distinctive features of all the civilizations of the pre-historic period.
The use of mud mortar was common during Indus Valley civilisation. Gypsum and mud were used for plaster. In case of drains, gypsum and lime mortar was used.
The most important feature of houses of Mohenjodaro is the presence in them of one or more bathrooms, the floors of which were fully laid and connected by means of drainage channels with the main street.
More than 500 seals have been discovered at various places inhabited by people of Indus Valley civilizations. These were made of terra-cota.
The seals and painted pottery of the Indus Valley show the figures of Pipal and Acacia trees. They were regarded as celestial plants and were supposed to be inhabited by divine spirits.
The people of Indus Valley also practiced the worship of Lings and Yoni symbols. The likelihood that both Shiva and Ling worship have been inherited by Hindus from the Indus Valley is reinforced by the prevalence of the bull (the vehicle of Shiva) or bull-like animals amongst the seal-symbols.
The pottery of Indus Valley was generally wheel-made and was painted red and black.
The Dravadians are thought to have come to India from eastern Mediterranean. At one time the Dravadian culture was spread throughout India.
Puja ceremonies along with flowers, leaves, fruits and water were performed by Dravadians.
Aryans were accustomed to Homa rites or sacrificial fire. Infact, the word puja has been derived from a Dravadian root called Puru, which means “to smear”.
The Dravadian language is still spoken by the Brahui people of Baluchistan.
As per the theory propagated by late Bal Gangadhar Tilak the original home of Aryans was the Arctic region. However, the most widely accepted view is that the Aryans originated from Central Asia. The view which is accepted in West is that original home of Aryans was in South-East Europe.
In the early vedic period river Ravi was known as Parushni, river Jhelum as Vitasta, Chenab as Asikni, Beas as Vipas and Sutlej as Sutudri.
The word Veda comes from the root vid, to know. It means knowledge in general. It is specially applied to branch of literature which has been handed down by verbal transmission and is declared to be sacred knowledge or Sruti.
Hindus consider the Vedas to be revealed books and give them the titles of Apaurusheya (not made by man) and nitya (Eternal).
According to Kautilya, “The three Vedas, Sama, Rig and Yajus constitute the triple Vedas. These together with Atharvaveda and the Itihasa Veda are known as the Vedas.” The ordinary definition of the Veda does not include Itihasa.
The Veda consists of four different classes of literary compositions: (a) the Mantra constitutes the oldest division of Vedic literature and is distributed in four Samhitas or collections known as the Rik, Sama, Yajus and the Atharva; (b) Brahmanas are the second class of Vedic works. They are mainly prose texts containing observations on sacrifice; (c) Aranyakas or forest texts are books of instruction to be given in the forest or writings meant for wood-dwelling hermits; (d) Lastly there are the Upnishads which are either imbedded in the Aranyakas or form their supplements. The above named literary works are classed as Sruti, or revelation, and constitute the Vedic literature proper.
The Brahamanas are the first specimens of praise in the world. They mark the transition from the Vedic to later Brahmanical social order.
The Vedangas are class of compositions that are regarded less authoritative than Sruti and are styled Smriti. The Vedangas are six in number: Siksha (phonetics), Kalpa (ritual), Vyakaran (grammar), Nirukt (etymology), Chhand (metrics) and Jyotish (astronomy).
In Vyakarana, Nirukt and Chhand we have the great work of Panini, Yask and Pingal.
The Nyaya Darsana was written by Gautam. According to it, Tarka or logic is the basis of all studies. Knowledge can be acquired by four methods: Pratyaksha or intuition, Anumana or inference, Upma or comparison and sadba or verbal testimony.
The basis of the political and social organisation of the Rig Vedic people was patriarchal family. The successive higher units were styled gram, vis and jan.
The Purus and the Tritsus were two of the most famous Rig-Vedic clans. The names of their prominent rulers are recorded in Rik-Samhita.
In the Rig-Vedic period the foot soldiers were called Patti and warriors who fought from chariots were called Rathins.
The foundation of the political and social structure in the Rig-Vedic age was the family.
Visvavara, Ghosha and Apala were some leading women seers of Rig-Vedic times.
Agriculture was the principal occupation of the villagers in Rig-Vedic times.
The standard unit of value in Vedic period was a cow, but necklets of gold (nishka) also served as a means of exchange.
Rik Samgita is a collection of lyrics from early vedic age which consists of hymns in praise of different gods. These are grouped into books termed as ashtakas or mandalas.
Rig Vedic people did not possess the art of writing and early literature of Aryans was known to be transmitted orally.
The early Vedic religion has been designated by the name of henotheism or kathenotheism (a belief in single gods, each standing out as the highest). Father Dyaus, the shinning god of heaven, and mother Prithvi, the earth goddess, are among the oldest of the vedic deities.
The worship of Varuna, the encompassing sky, in the early Vedic age is one of the first roots of the later doctrine of Bhakti.
An important characteristic of Vedic mythology is the pre-dominance of the male element. Thus, Vedic civilisation presents a contrast to the prehistoric culture of Indus Valley, where the mother goddess is coequal with her male partner.
Sacrifices occupied a prominent place in Vedic rituals. These included offerings of milk, grain, ghee and juice of the Soma plant.
Before the close of the later Vedic period, the Aryans had thoroughly subdued the fertile plains of Yamuna, upper Ganga and the Gandak. The centre of the Aryan world was the areas stretching from Saraswati to the Gangetic plains and occupied by Kurus, the Panchals and some adjoining tribes. It was from this region that Brahmanical civilisation spread to the outer provinces, to the land of the Kosalas and the Kasis drained by the Sarayu and the Varnavati, to the swamps of east of Gandak colonised by the Videhas, and to the valley of Wardha occupied by the Vidarbhas.
The Aryan culture was taken to South India by Agastya.
Most important tribe of Rigvedic period was the Bharatas, after whom India has been named in the Constitution. The two most important rulers of Bharatas were Divodas and Sudas. Sudas is famous for his victory in the Battle of Ten Kings.
The most distinguished among the tribes of later Vedic period were the Kurus and Panchals, with their capitals at Asandivat and Kampila, respectively.
Balhika-Pratipiya, Parikshit and Janamejaya were powerful Kuru kings who figure prominently in early epic legends.
The reign of Panchals was home to several theologians and philosophers like king Pravahana-Jaivali and sages like Aruni and Svetaketu.
The fame of the land of the Panchals as centre of Brahmanical learning was eclipsed by the Videhas, whose king Janak won the title of Samrat. The Videhan monarchy fell shortly before the rise of Buddhism. Its overthrow was followed by the rise of the Vajjian Confederacy.
The kings of several regions gave themselves various titles. While the kings of middle country were called raja, the eastern kings were titled Samrat, the southern Bhoj, those in the west Svarat, and the rulers of the northern realms were called Virat.
The taxes collected from people in the later Vedic age were referred to as bali and sulka.
During late Vedic period, Vratyas and the Nishads were two important bodies of men outside the regular castes. The Vratyas were Aryans outside the pale of Brahminism. They appear to have had some special connection with the people of Magadha and the cult of Shiv. The Nishads were non-Aryan people who lived in their own villages and had their own rulers. They were probably identical with modern Bhils.
Shortly before the rise of Buddhism there were sixteen great nations that occupied the territory from Kabul valley to the banks of Godavari. These were: Anga (East Bihar), Magadha (South Bihar), Kasi (Benaras), Kosala (Oudh), Vriji (North Bihar), Malla (Gorakhpur district), Chedi (between Yamuna and Narmada), Vatsa (Allahabad region), Kuru (Thanesar, Delhi and Meerut districts), Panchal (Bareilly, Buduan and Farrukhabad districts), Matsya (Jaipur), Surasena (Mathura), Asmak (on the Godavari), Avanti (in Malwa), Gandhara (Peshawar and Rawalpindi districts) and Kamboj (South-west Kashmir and parts of Kafiristan).
The Vriji people were regarded by the Brahaman law-givers as Vratyas or degraded Kshatriyas. The Vrijis had no monarch, but a popular assembly of elders who carried on the business of the State. This type of polity was known as Gana or republic. The Mallas also had a similar constitution.
The four kingdoms of later Vedic age who grew most powerful were: Avanti, Vatsa, Kosala and Magadha.
The kingdom of Avanti had its capital at Ujjain in modern Malwa.
One prominent ruler of Vatsa territory was Udayana, a scion of the Bharat race.
Kosala had its capital at Ayodhya and was ruled by a dynasty that claimed descent from illustrious Ishvaku, famed in Vedic and epic traditions.
The Kosalas extended their boundaries in several directions, including Nepalese Tarai, but their ambitious designs were frustrated by Magadha power.
Gargi and Maitreyi were two prominent intellectual women of late Vedic period.
Magadha and Anga were two kingdoms which the Aryans could not Brahmanise thoroughly and came to possess a mixed population. Kikatas were prominent non-Aryans who lived in Magadha. They were known for their wealth. There was a dislike for Magadha in the Rigveda and the same dislike was continued even during the period of later Vedic civilisation.
In the sixth and fifth century B.C. the throne of Magadha was occupied by a line of kings styled Saisunagas in the Purans, an appellation derived from Sisunaga, the first king of the line in the Puranic list.
The Buddhist writers, however, put Sisunaga much lower in the list of Magadha kings and split the line into two distinct groups. To the earlier of the two groups they give the name Haryanka, whose most remarkable king was Srenika or Bimbisara.
The Ashtadhyayi of Panini is a book on Sanskrit grammar.
Khari, Patra, Vista, Satamana, Adhaka, Achita, Purusha and Dishta were different kinds of weights and measures used in later Vedic age.
Taxila or Takshashila was a great centre of learning in late Vedic period. It was famous for the teaching of medicine, law and military science.
India and Persia have very ancient relations. There are many common gods in the Rig Veda and the Zinda Avesta. The Iranian gods Mithra, Yima and Veretraghna have their counterpart in the Indian Mitra, Yama and Indra Vritrahan.
The Boghaz-Koi inscriptions of about 1400 B.C. refer to certain contracts made between the King of the Hittites (in Persia) and the King of Mitani. In those inscriptions same gods are mentioned as the protectors of these contracts.
The continuance of strong influence of Persia upon India in the Vedic age is indicated by prevalence of the Kharoshti script, a variety of Aramaic, in the provinces near the Frontier, by the long continued use of the Persian title Satrap, by the form of the Ashoka inscriptions and by the architecture.
Sanskrit is a branch of a linguistic tree known as Indo-European. The trunk of the tree was a common tongue probably spoken in the region north-west of the Black Sea about 2500 B.C.
The Upanishads probe into the nature of universe and the human soul, and the relation of each to the other. They make no absolute statements of right and wrong, of creation, the gods or man; instead, they speculate, seeking always to find truth, as opposed to stating it, and offering a wide range of possibilities.
A rudimentary administrative system was prevalent during the Vedic period. The tribal kingdom (rashtra) contained tribes (jana), tribal units (vish) and villages (grama). The nucleus was the family (kula), with the eldest male member as its head (kulapa).
Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan: He lived during the reign of Akbar. He translated Babur’s Memoirs from Turkish to Persian.
Abdussamad: He was honoured with the award of “zariqalam” by Akbar.
Ages, Chronological order of: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic
Agrahara: Tax-free villages granted to the learned Brahmanas in ancient India were known as Agrahara.
Akot: is a town, about 42 km from Akola, from where a stone idol of Lord Adinath, the first Jain Teerthankara, was found in 1993.
Alien Powers in India, chronological sequence of: Indo-Greeks, Scythians, Kushanas, Huns.
Amarasimha: was one of the nine gems in the court of the legendary Vikramaditya. His work Amarkosha occupies a dominant position in Sanskrit lexicography.
Amoghavarsha-I: was the long ruling Rashtrakuta king (A.D. 814-78). He represented the height of development of his dynasty.
Asanga: was a Buddhist philosopher. He was the originator of Buddhist Yogachara idealism.
Ashvaghosha: was the spiritual adviser of Kanishka (the Kushan emperor) who took a leading part in the Fourth Buddhist Council at Srinagar which was presided by Vasumitra. He was a renowned Mahayana Sanskrit scholar and author of Sariputra-prakarana and Buddha Charitam. He was the greatest literary figure at Kanishka’s court.
Atisa Dipankara: was the most famous teacher of Vikramasila university founded in A.D. 810 by king Dharmapala of Pala dynasty.
Battle of San Thomas: This battle during the Carnatic Wars (1746-61) definitely proved for the first time the superiority of European arms and discipline over the traditional Indian methods of warfare.
Battle of Waihand: was fought between Mahmud Ghaznavi and Anandpala.
Bhaskaravarman: was the king of Kamarupa (Upper Assam). He was a contemporary of king Sasanka of Gauda and was his arch-enemy. Bhaskaravarman was the eastern ally of king Harsha.
Bilhana: was a Sanskrit historian and poet born in Kashmir. He left Kashmir about
A.D. 1065 and became the court poet at Kalyana where he wrote an epic, Vikramadeva-charita to celebrate the reign of Vikramaditya-VI, the Chalukya king of Kalyana.
Blue Water Policy: The “Blue Water” policy is attributed to Don Francisco de Almeida, the first Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in India. His “Blue Water” policy was to be powerful at the sea instead of building fortresses on Indian land.
Boghaz Koi inscriptions: are important in Indian history because inscriptions of the fourteenth century B.C. discovered here mention the names of Vedic gods and goddesses.
Brahmagupta: (598-660) of Ujjain, was a great mathematician of his time.
Brahui: is a language of Baluchistan. Linguistically, it is Dravidian.
Busa Munda Revolt: occurred in Bihar.
Catching the butterflies and setting them free: was the prominent feature of the foreign policy of Samudragupta.
Chandernagore: was a French possession before its merger with India.
Charvaka: is known as the greatest of the materialistic philosophers of ancient India.
Chauth: was a tax levied by Marathas—a contribution exacted by a military leader, which was justified by the exigencies of the situation.
Coinage in Ancient India: Coins in ancient India were made of metal—copper, silver, gold, or lead. Nishka and Satamana in the Vedic texts were taken to be names of coins, but they seem to be only prestige objects. Coins made of metal first appeared in the age of Gautama Buddha. The earliest were made largely of silver though a few copper coins also appear. Coins made of burnt clay belong to the Kushan period i.e., the first three Christian centuries.
Dadu: was the saint from Gujarat who preached non-sectarianism in medieval times. He founded the “Brahma-Sampardaaya” (the sect of Brahma).
Dahar (or Dahir): was the Brahmana king of Sind who was defeated by the Arab invasion in A.D. 712 by Mohammadbin-Kasim, nephew and son-inlaw of al-Hajjaj, governor of Irak. The Indian ruler (Dahar) offered a brave resistance in the battle near Raor but was defeated and killed.
Darius: was the Iranian ruler who penetrated into north-west India in 516 B.C. and annexed Punjab, west of Indus, and Sindh.
Devapala: (A.D. 830-850) was successor to Dharmapala, the famous Pala ruler. He established the third important Pala university of Somapura. He shifted his capital to Monghyr from where he maintained diplomatic relations with the Sailendra kings of Sumatra.
Dhammapada: was the first major work to say that salvation by means of devotion is open to humans regardless of birth, gender or station in life.
Dharmachakra: In the Gandhara art, it is the preaching mudra associated with the Buddha’s First Sermon at Sarnath.
First Congress Split: took place in 1907 at Surat.
First metal used by man: Copper.
First Muslim invaders of India: Arabs were the first Muslim invaders of India.
First Sultan of Delhi: was Qutb-ud-din who succeeded Muhammad Ghuri as sovereign of the new Indian conquests, and from 1206 may be reckoned as the first Sultan of Delhi.
First to issue gold coins in India: Mauryas.
First to set up department of agriculture: Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was the first to set up a department of agriculture in India.
First to start sea trade with India: Portugal.
Gautamiputra Satakarni: was the great king of Satavahana dynasty.
Gayatri mantra: is contained in Rig Veda.
Gopuram: It has been the main feature of the South Indian temple architecture.
Hasan Gangoo: entitled Zafar Khan was founder of the Bahmani kingdom in Deccan.
Ibadat Khana: is a building at Fatehpur Sikri where Akbar held discussions on religious matters.
Ibn-Batuta: was a great scholar and traveller from South Africa who came to India in
A.D. 1333 during the reign of Mohammad Tughlak and wrote about him.
Iqta: It was the land-grant system adopted by Ala-ud-din Khilji to grant his officers as reward for services rendered. Qutabuddin Aibak was assigned the first iqta in India by Mohd of Ghor.
Jimutavahana: was a famous jurist of medieval India (fifteenth century). His work Dayabhaga is a commentary on the srutis, specially on Manu.
Kalachuri era: counted from A.D. 248, it was mostly current in Central India. Their capital was Tripuri near Jabalpur. Kalachuris were the feudatories of the Pratiharas but soon acquired independence.
Karshapana: was the most commonly used coin in the Chola kingdom.
Khiraj: was the land tax imposed by Mohd-bin-Qasim after the Arabs’ occupation of Sind.
Magazines started by National leaders: Young India (M.K. Gandhi); Kesari (B.G. Tilak); New India (Annie Besant); Bengali (S.N. Bannerji).
Maski Rock edict: This minor Rock-edict is the only edict in which Ashoka refers to himself as the king of Magadha.
Moplah Rebellion: broke out in Malabar (Kerala) in August 1921.
Nastaliq: was a Persian script used in medieval India.
Nauroj festival in India: Balban introduced the famous Persian festival of Nauroj in India.
Nicolo Conti: was the Italian foreign traveller who visited Vijayanagar about A.D. 1420 during the reign of Deva Raya-II.
Palas: who controlled most of Bengal and Bihar, was the third power involved in the three-sided conflict between Rashtrakutas and Pratiharas over the control of Kanauj. Pala dynasty was established by Gopala in the eighth century A.D. He attained renown from the fact that he was not hereditary king but was elected.
Paragana: During the rule of the so-called Slave dynasty in India, the empire was divided into provincial units called Paraganas placed under the charge of a military officer.
Prakrit: This language received royal patronage during the reign of Satavahanas.
Rajsekhar: was the Sanskrit poet who lived in the court of Mahendrapala-I.
Ratika: or rati is a weight between 1.5 to 3 Gunjas; between 5 to 8 grains of rice. It was the basic weight (measure) in ancient India.
Ratnakara: denoted the Arabiasn Sea in ancient Indian historical geography.
Rishabha: is supposed to be the mythical founder of Jainism.
Sardeshmukhi: was an additional levy of 10%, which Shivaji demanded on the basis of his claim as the hereditary Sardeshmukh (chief headman) of Maharashtra.
Shahrukh: It was silver coin of the Mughals. Sharada script: The Kashmiri language was originally written in Sharada script.
Subuktigin: was the first Turkish invader of India.
Tanka: was a silver coin of the Sultanate period of India.
Tehqiq-i-Hind: Alberuni’s work on India. It contains observations on Indian civilization which are remarkably incisive and acute.
Turushkadanda: was a tax collected by the Gahadavalas during the early medieval India.
Vagbhata: is regarded as unrivalled in his knowledge of the basic principles of Ayurveda.
Vatapi (or Badami): now in the Bijapur district of Karnataka, where Pulakesin I, founder of the Chalukya dynasty in the middle of the sixth century, established himself as lord of Vatapi or Badami (capital of Chalukyas). It is well-known for Chalukyan sculpture found in the cave temples here.
Vidushaka: the constant companion and confidant of the hero in Sanskrit dramas, was nearly always a Brahmin.
Vikramasila University: was a great Tantrik University founded by the Pala king Dharmapala in A.D. 810. It was a hotbed of moral corruption, sorcery and idolatry. In A.D. 1198, the soldiers if Ikhtiar Khilji raised the structure to the ground and killed every monk in the University.
Wood's Despatch of 1854: It related to educational reforms. Lord Dalhousie took measures to carry out the scheme embodied in the famous despatch of Sir Charles Wood (July 1854) which embraced vernacular schools throughout the districts, and above all the glorious measures of grants-in-aid to all schools, without reference to caste or creed.
Yakshagana: was the south Indian dance tradition that appeared for the first time in the Vijayanagar period.
Zabti System: was introduced by Akbar for land revenue administration. In Zabti system, land was measured and assessment of land revenue was based upon it.
GENERAL STUDIES - INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Idea for a Constituent Assembly for drafting a constitution for India was first provided by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1895.
The elections for the first Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946. Initially it had 389 members, but later the reformed Assembly had 324 members.
The State of Hydrabad did not participate in elections to the Constituent Assembly.
The first meeting of Constituent Assembly was held on December 9, 1946— its president was Dr Sacchidanand Sinha.
The second meeting was held on December 11, 1946. Its president was Dr Rajendra Prasad.
The Objectives Resolution was passed under chairmanship of J.L. Nehru.
The Draft of Indian Constitution was presented in October 1947. President of the Drafting Committee was Bhim Rao Ambedkar.
The Flag Committee worked under J.B. Kripalani.
The total time consumed to prepare the draft was 2 years, 11 months, 18 days. Total 11 meetings were held for this.
The Indian Constitution was enacted on November 26, 1946 and put into force on January 26, 1950.
The Constitution today has 444 Articles and 12 schedules. Originally there were 395 Articles and 8 schedules.
SOCIALIST, SECULAR, INTEGRITY—these words were added to the Preamble later, through the 42nd Amendment, 1976.
The Preamble contains aims and objectives of our Constitution.
Fundament Rights are contained in Part III— called “Magna Carta” of the Constitution. The idea was borrowed from USA. Initially there were 7 fundamental rights, now there are only 6. (The Right to Property was deleted by the 44th amendment in 1978. It is now a judicial right—it has been moved to Article 300(A).)
The Supreme Court judgement in Keshwanand Bharti vs Kerala case provided that Fundamental Rights can be altered by the Parliament as long as the basic structure of the Constitution remains intact.
The Minerva Mills case ruling of the Supreme Court, however, ruled that Fundamental rights are basic part of the Constitution. The power to alter them was snatched away.
Fundamental Right of Equality provides for:
—Equality in government jobs (Article 16).
—No discriminations (Article 15).
—No untouchability (Article 17).
—Abolition of titles (Article 18).
The important freedoms granted are:
—Against exploitation (Article 23).
—Against child labour (Article 24).
The Right to Constitutional Remedies is provided under Article 32.
The Constitution provides that High Courts and the Supreme Court can issue various writs (written orders) to safeguard freedom of an individual. There are five types of writs:
Habeas Corpus—“may I have the body”—it orders to present reasons as well as physical presence of a body in court, within 24 hours of arrest.
Mandamus—issued to person, office or court—to enforce duties—also called “Param Aadesh”.
Prohibition—issued to inferior courts, by superior courts—it prohibits (stops) action of acts outside their jurisdiction.
Quo Warranto—it asks how one has gained unauthorised office.
Certiorari —Higher Court takes over case from lower courts.
Dr Ambedkar has called this article as “soul” of the Constitution.
Directive Principles of State Policy act as guidelines or morals for the government. They are contained in Part IV of the Constitution. They were borrowed from Ireland. Some important directive principles are:
—Gram Panchayats (Article 40).
—Uniform civil code (Article 44).
—Free and compulsory education (Article 45).
Fundamental duties are contained in part IV(A). There are ten fundamental duties listed in the Constitution. This idea was borrowed from Russia.
The Vice President is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. However, he is not a member of any House.
If a member is found sitting in another House of Parliament, of which he is not a member, he has to pay a fine of Rs 5000.
Rajya Sabha has 250 members—238 elected and 12 nominated by the President. Uttar Pradesh elects maximum number of members for the Rajya Sabha (34), followed by Bihar (22) and Maharashtra (19).
In one year time, the President must hold at least two meetings of the Rajya Sabha.
If a state of Emergency is declared, the Lok Sabha is dissolved, but not the Rajya Sabha (It is a permanent House).
Lok Sabha has 547 members—545 elected and 2 nominated from the Anglo-Indian Community.
During a state of emergency, the tenure of Lok Sabha can be extended by a maximum of one year.
Maximum number of members of Lok Sabha are elected from Uttar Pradesh (80 members), followed by Bihar (54) and Maharashtra (48).
Minimum age for becoming member of Lok Sabha is 25 years and Rajya Sabha is 30 years.
Minimum age to be eligible for the post of the President is 35 years.
The President is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies.
The Vice President is elected by all members of the Parliament.
To discuss an important topic, the normal procedure of the Parliament is stopped under the Adjournment motion.
Decision about whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not is taken by the Lok Sabha Speaker.
The first High Courts in India were established at Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, in 1862. Allahabad and Delhi were established next in 1866.
Maximum age to remain a High Court judge is 62 years and maximum age to remain a Supreme Court judge is 65 years.
The process for removal of Comptroller and Auditor General of India is same as that of judges of the Supreme Court.
Attorney General is the law expert to government. He can participate and speak in both Houses of Parliament, but is not allowed to vote.
The idea of having a Lokpal to check corruption at the highest level has been borrowed from “Ombudsman” of Sweden. In the States, we have the Lok Ayukta.
There are three types of Emergencies that can be proclaimed by the President. Emergency under Article 352—due to war or internal rebellion. (Implemented three times (1962, 71, 75).)
Emergency under Article 356—Constitutional problems. (Implemented many times, in various States like J&K, Punjab, etc.)
Emergency under Article 360—Financial Emergency. (Not implemented so far).
The Constitution initially recognised 14 National Languages. Later, four more were added. These were: Sindhi (21st amendment), Nepali, Konkani and Manipuri (71st amendment).
To gain the status of a National Party, a political party must be recognised in four or more States, attaining at least 4% votes on national scale and 9% in each State.
The flag of the Congress party was accepted as the National Flag (with few changes) on July 22, 1947.
The new Flag Code of India gives freedom to individuals to hoist the flag on all days, but with due respect to the flag.
The Question hour in the Parliament is observed from 11 am to 12 noon. The Zero hour is observed from 12:00 noon to 1:00 pm.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee suggested a three-tier structure for Panchayati Raj—Gram Panchayat village level, Panchayat Samiti at block level and Zila Parishad in districts.
First Constitutional Amendment—1951—put a ban on propagating ideas to harm friendly relations with foreign countries.
Planning Commission is only an advisory and specialist body. Its chairman is the Prime Minister.
National Development Council is the main body concerned with the actual planning process. Its chairman is also the Prime Minister.
The first leader of the Opposition was Ram Subhag Singh, in 1969.
The shortest Lok Sabha span was 13 days (12th Lok Sabha in 1998).
Although the Parliament can pass impeachment motion against judges, their conduct cannot be discussed by it.
There are at present 21 High Courts in India.
Article 370 gives special status to Jammu & Kashmir.
The Indian Constitution was the first of the preceding two centuries which was not imposed by an imperial power, but was made by the people themselves, through representatives in a Constituent Assembly.
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is not enforceable in a court of law. It states the objects which the Constitution seeks to establish.
The Indian Constitution endows the Judiciary with power of declaring a law as unconstitutional if it is beyond the competence of the Legislature according to the distribution of powers provided by the Constitution, or if it is in contravention of the fundamental rights or of any other mandatory provision, e.g. Articles 286, 299, 301 and 304.
As part of the integration of various Indian States into the Dominion of India a three-fold process of integration, known as the Patel Scheme, was implemented.
(i) 216 States were merged into the respective Provinces, geographically contiguous to them. These merged States were included in the territories of the States in Part B in the First Schedule of the Constitution. The process of merger started with the merger of Orissa and Chattisgarh States with the then province of Orissa, on January 1, 1948. The last instance was merger of Cooch-Behar with West Bengal in January 1950.
(ii) 61 States were converted into Centrally-administered areas and included in Part C of the First Schedule.
(iii) The third form was consolidation of groups of States into new viable units, known as Union of States. The first Union formed was the Saurashtra Union on February 15, 1948. The last one was Union of Travancore-Cochin on July 1, 1949. As many as 275 States were integrated into five Unions—Madhya Bharat, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra and Travancore-Cochin. These were included in Part B of the First Schedule. Besides, Hyderabad, J&K and Mysore were also included in Part B.
At the time of accession to the Dominion of India, the States had acceded only on three subjects (Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications). Later, revised Instruments of Accession were signed by which all States acceded in respect of all matters included in Union and Concurrent Lists, except only those relating to taxation.
The process of integration culminated in the Constitution (7th Amendment) Act, 1956, which abolished Part B States as a class and included all the States in Part A and B in one list.
The elections for the first Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946. Initially it had 389 members, but later the reformed Assembly had 324 members.
The State of Hydrabad did not participate in elections to the Constituent Assembly.
The first meeting of Constituent Assembly was held on December 9, 1946— its president was Dr Sacchidanand Sinha.
The second meeting was held on December 11, 1946. Its president was Dr Rajendra Prasad.
The Objectives Resolution was passed under chairmanship of J.L. Nehru.
The Draft of Indian Constitution was presented in October 1947. President of the Drafting Committee was Bhim Rao Ambedkar.
The Flag Committee worked under J.B. Kripalani.
The total time consumed to prepare the draft was 2 years, 11 months, 18 days. Total 11 meetings were held for this.
The Indian Constitution was enacted on November 26, 1946 and put into force on January 26, 1950.
The Constitution today has 444 Articles and 12 schedules. Originally there were 395 Articles and 8 schedules.
SOCIALIST, SECULAR, INTEGRITY—these words were added to the Preamble later, through the 42nd Amendment, 1976.
The Preamble contains aims and objectives of our Constitution.
Fundament Rights are contained in Part III— called “Magna Carta” of the Constitution. The idea was borrowed from USA. Initially there were 7 fundamental rights, now there are only 6. (The Right to Property was deleted by the 44th amendment in 1978. It is now a judicial right—it has been moved to Article 300(A).)
The Supreme Court judgement in Keshwanand Bharti vs Kerala case provided that Fundamental Rights can be altered by the Parliament as long as the basic structure of the Constitution remains intact.
The Minerva Mills case ruling of the Supreme Court, however, ruled that Fundamental rights are basic part of the Constitution. The power to alter them was snatched away.
Fundamental Right of Equality provides for:
—Equality in government jobs (Article 16).
—No discriminations (Article 15).
—No untouchability (Article 17).
—Abolition of titles (Article 18).
The important freedoms granted are:
—Against exploitation (Article 23).
—Against child labour (Article 24).
The Right to Constitutional Remedies is provided under Article 32.
The Constitution provides that High Courts and the Supreme Court can issue various writs (written orders) to safeguard freedom of an individual. There are five types of writs:
Habeas Corpus—“may I have the body”—it orders to present reasons as well as physical presence of a body in court, within 24 hours of arrest.
Mandamus—issued to person, office or court—to enforce duties—also called “Param Aadesh”.
Prohibition—issued to inferior courts, by superior courts—it prohibits (stops) action of acts outside their jurisdiction.
Quo Warranto—it asks how one has gained unauthorised office.
Certiorari —Higher Court takes over case from lower courts.
Dr Ambedkar has called this article as “soul” of the Constitution.
Directive Principles of State Policy act as guidelines or morals for the government. They are contained in Part IV of the Constitution. They were borrowed from Ireland. Some important directive principles are:
—Gram Panchayats (Article 40).
—Uniform civil code (Article 44).
—Free and compulsory education (Article 45).
Fundamental duties are contained in part IV(A). There are ten fundamental duties listed in the Constitution. This idea was borrowed from Russia.
The Vice President is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. However, he is not a member of any House.
If a member is found sitting in another House of Parliament, of which he is not a member, he has to pay a fine of Rs 5000.
Rajya Sabha has 250 members—238 elected and 12 nominated by the President. Uttar Pradesh elects maximum number of members for the Rajya Sabha (34), followed by Bihar (22) and Maharashtra (19).
In one year time, the President must hold at least two meetings of the Rajya Sabha.
If a state of Emergency is declared, the Lok Sabha is dissolved, but not the Rajya Sabha (It is a permanent House).
Lok Sabha has 547 members—545 elected and 2 nominated from the Anglo-Indian Community.
During a state of emergency, the tenure of Lok Sabha can be extended by a maximum of one year.
Maximum number of members of Lok Sabha are elected from Uttar Pradesh (80 members), followed by Bihar (54) and Maharashtra (48).
Minimum age for becoming member of Lok Sabha is 25 years and Rajya Sabha is 30 years.
Minimum age to be eligible for the post of the President is 35 years.
The President is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies.
The Vice President is elected by all members of the Parliament.
To discuss an important topic, the normal procedure of the Parliament is stopped under the Adjournment motion.
Decision about whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not is taken by the Lok Sabha Speaker.
The first High Courts in India were established at Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, in 1862. Allahabad and Delhi were established next in 1866.
Maximum age to remain a High Court judge is 62 years and maximum age to remain a Supreme Court judge is 65 years.
The process for removal of Comptroller and Auditor General of India is same as that of judges of the Supreme Court.
Attorney General is the law expert to government. He can participate and speak in both Houses of Parliament, but is not allowed to vote.
The idea of having a Lokpal to check corruption at the highest level has been borrowed from “Ombudsman” of Sweden. In the States, we have the Lok Ayukta.
There are three types of Emergencies that can be proclaimed by the President. Emergency under Article 352—due to war or internal rebellion. (Implemented three times (1962, 71, 75).)
Emergency under Article 356—Constitutional problems. (Implemented many times, in various States like J&K, Punjab, etc.)
Emergency under Article 360—Financial Emergency. (Not implemented so far).
The Constitution initially recognised 14 National Languages. Later, four more were added. These were: Sindhi (21st amendment), Nepali, Konkani and Manipuri (71st amendment).
To gain the status of a National Party, a political party must be recognised in four or more States, attaining at least 4% votes on national scale and 9% in each State.
The flag of the Congress party was accepted as the National Flag (with few changes) on July 22, 1947.
The new Flag Code of India gives freedom to individuals to hoist the flag on all days, but with due respect to the flag.
The Question hour in the Parliament is observed from 11 am to 12 noon. The Zero hour is observed from 12:00 noon to 1:00 pm.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee suggested a three-tier structure for Panchayati Raj—Gram Panchayat village level, Panchayat Samiti at block level and Zila Parishad in districts.
First Constitutional Amendment—1951—put a ban on propagating ideas to harm friendly relations with foreign countries.
Planning Commission is only an advisory and specialist body. Its chairman is the Prime Minister.
National Development Council is the main body concerned with the actual planning process. Its chairman is also the Prime Minister.
The first leader of the Opposition was Ram Subhag Singh, in 1969.
The shortest Lok Sabha span was 13 days (12th Lok Sabha in 1998).
Although the Parliament can pass impeachment motion against judges, their conduct cannot be discussed by it.
There are at present 21 High Courts in India.
Article 370 gives special status to Jammu & Kashmir.
The Indian Constitution was the first of the preceding two centuries which was not imposed by an imperial power, but was made by the people themselves, through representatives in a Constituent Assembly.
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is not enforceable in a court of law. It states the objects which the Constitution seeks to establish.
The Indian Constitution endows the Judiciary with power of declaring a law as unconstitutional if it is beyond the competence of the Legislature according to the distribution of powers provided by the Constitution, or if it is in contravention of the fundamental rights or of any other mandatory provision, e.g. Articles 286, 299, 301 and 304.
As part of the integration of various Indian States into the Dominion of India a three-fold process of integration, known as the Patel Scheme, was implemented.
(i) 216 States were merged into the respective Provinces, geographically contiguous to them. These merged States were included in the territories of the States in Part B in the First Schedule of the Constitution. The process of merger started with the merger of Orissa and Chattisgarh States with the then province of Orissa, on January 1, 1948. The last instance was merger of Cooch-Behar with West Bengal in January 1950.
(ii) 61 States were converted into Centrally-administered areas and included in Part C of the First Schedule.
(iii) The third form was consolidation of groups of States into new viable units, known as Union of States. The first Union formed was the Saurashtra Union on February 15, 1948. The last one was Union of Travancore-Cochin on July 1, 1949. As many as 275 States were integrated into five Unions—Madhya Bharat, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra and Travancore-Cochin. These were included in Part B of the First Schedule. Besides, Hyderabad, J&K and Mysore were also included in Part B.
At the time of accession to the Dominion of India, the States had acceded only on three subjects (Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications). Later, revised Instruments of Accession were signed by which all States acceded in respect of all matters included in Union and Concurrent Lists, except only those relating to taxation.
The process of integration culminated in the Constitution (7th Amendment) Act, 1956, which abolished Part B States as a class and included all the States in Part A and B in one list.
GENERAL STUDIES - GEOGRAPHY
Acid precipitation (Acid Rainfall): is now regarded as a serious problem in some European and Asian countries, the main cause and source of which is emissions of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides from thermal power plants and burning of fossil fuels. These oxides dissolve in atmospheric water vapour and fall back on earth as acid rainfall. Acid rainfall can cause destruction of crops and trees; destruction of fish; and damage to buildings.
Agronomy: Soil management and production of field crops is known as Agronomy.
Aleurone layer: is that part of the grain in cereals where much of the protein lies.
Alluvial soil: is the richest and most fertile soil of India spread over large areas in northern plains of India.
Arakan Yoma: is the extension of the Himalayas located in Myanmar.
Asthamudi Lake: is located in Kerala State.
Bailadila: in Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh, is known for its wealth of Manganese.
Barhara (Tribes): The Barhara tribes mentioned in the Mahabharata who had settled in the north-western regions of India, are associated with—(1) Ambashthas (a mixed Mongolian Aryan race); (2) Gandharas (Afghans); (3) Pavas.
Bhabhar region: in south of the Shivaliks, is an example of Piedmont situation i.e., belonging to or related to the foot of a mountain.
Bushmen (Tribes): They live in the Kalahari desert. They are probably the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of Africa. They rank among the most uncivilized and backward peoples in the world. Their food consists almost entirely of meat, often raw or decomposed, and in times of scarcity they will eat insects, snakes etc.
Cardamom: Karnataka is the largest producer of cardamom. India is the largest exporter of cardamom in the world.
Chinook: Warm, dry wind experienced along the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains in Canada and the U.S.A.
Climograph: is a graphical representation of the differentiation between various types of climate. It reveals the type of climate at a glance—a climograph showing wet bulb temperatures and relative humidities which are high, for instance, depicts a constantly hot damp climate.
Coastline of India, Length of: The length of India’s coastline is 7,516 km and its territory includes 1,256 islands. Tamil Nadu has the longest coastline in India.
Cosmic year: One cosmic year is equal to the time taken by the sun to complete one orbit around the galactic centre.
Cotopaxi: is the highest volcano in the world. It is situated in Ecuador.
Date Line, International: International Date Line is an internationally agreed line drawn parallel to the 180° meridian. It divides the Pacific Ocean into two equal parts. A crossing of the International Date Line entails repeating one day when travelling westwards.
Detroit of India: Pithampur in Madhya Pradesh, where a large number of automobile industries have been set up, is called the “Detroit of India”.
Doldrums Belt: is a zone of the tropics where the calm lasting for some weeks prevails, broken at times by erratic squalls and baffling winds. It is an area of low pressure. The wind system in the Equatorial areas is known as doldrums.
Dust Devil: is a dusty whirlwind normally a few feet in diameter and about 100 feet tall, sometimes also wider and higher.
Earth mass: The mass of the earth is about 81 times that of the moon.
Earth’s core: is mainly composed of iron and nickel. Lithosphere is the innermost layer of the earth.
El Nino: is the weather phenomenon brewing in the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is the largest climate event of the 20th century setting off more global disasters than ever before. El Nino is warming of the waters off Equatorial South America which causes climate abnormalities around the world. The impact can be flooding drought in California, Brazil, Africa and Australia, severe storms in the Central Pacific and a decline in hurricanes hitting the south-eastern United States.
Exfoliation: This type of weathering is common both in the cold as well as in the hot climate regions.
Fertilizer plant, First: The first fertilizer plant in India was set up at Sindri (Bihar).
Garo (Tribes): Garos are the tribe of Garo Hills in Meghalaya.
Glacial lake—example in India: Dal Lake in Srinagar.
Great Circle: A circle on the earth’s surface whose plane passes through its centre, and bisects it into two hemispheres. Two opposing meridians together form a Great Circle. The shortest distance between any two points on the earth’s surface is the arc of the Great Circle which passes through them. 0° latitude forms a Great Circle. (The latitude or longitude 75°W should be combined with 75°E to obtain the Great Circle).
Horse Latitudes: Sub-tropical belts of high atmospheric pressure over the oceans situated in both hemispheres. These are called Belts of Calm between regions of the Trade Winds and Westerlies of higher latitudes.
Hydroponics: means cultivation of the plants without use of soil.
Hyetology: is the study of rainfall.
Indira Point: in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is the southern-most tip of India.
Irrigated area, Indian State having largest: The Indian State with the largest irrigated area is Uttar Pradesh.
Jhum: It is a slash and burn method of shifting cultivation (called jhum) practised on rainfall-bed slopes of forest hills and dales in Arunachal Pradesh.
Kandla: is a sea port situated at the head of the Gulf of Kuch in Gujarat State. It was the first port to be developed after independence. It has a free trade zone.
Khonds (Tribes): were primitive tribes living in Orissa.
Kikuyu (Tribes) : are a race of Bantu negroes who live to the north of Mount Kenya. These people combine agriculture with pastoralism.
Kirghiz (Tribes): of Central Asia are an example of people adapted to a grassland environment. The Kirghiz are pastoral nomads who move from pasture to pasture with the flocks and herds of horses, camels, oxen, sheep and goats. Meat forms only a small portion of their food. The Kirghiz are fearless horsemen, and even their children are expert riders
Lambadies (Tribes): are concentrated in Karnataka.
Lapse Rate: is the rate of change in temperature with increase of altitude.
Laterite soils: Laterite soils are formed by the weathering of laterite rocks. These can be distinguished from other soils by their acidity. Laterite soils are generally poor on the higher levels and cannot retain moisture. In the plains, however, they consist of heavy loams and clay and can retain moisture. Laterite soils occur in Madhya Pradesh, Assam and along the eastern and western Ghats. Tea plantation require acidity which is there in the laterite soil. It is, therefore, common in these areas.
Loams (loamy soil): Amixture of sand, clay and silt is known as loamy soil. Loams are formed where the soils have equal proportion of sand, silt and clay.
Local winds and their areas: Khamsin—Egypt; Zonda—Argentina; Santa Ana—California; Simoon—Iran.
Lushais (Tribes): are tribes of Mizoram.
Mansarover Lake: is in Tibet. Near it, the rivers having their source are the Brahamputra, the Sutlej and the Indus.
Maoris (Tribes): are the original inhabitants of New Zealand.
Masai (Tribes): of the East African plateau are the example of pastoral peoples. They are a tall, strong, warlike race, partly negroid in type. They treat their cattle with great respect and affection and do not kill them for food or for sale as meat.
Monsoon in India: is related to differential heating and cooling of the huge landmass of Asia and the Indian Ocean and the origin of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal. The term Monsoon was introduced by the Arabs.
Munda (Tribes): are mostly located in Madhya Pradesh.
Negritos (Tribes): are the ancient tribes of Andamans.
Nutrification: is the process of conversion by action of bacteria, of nitrates in the soil.
Onges: are tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Oraon (Tribes): are aboriginal people of the Chhota Nagpur region in the State of Bihar. They call themselves Kurukh and speak a Dravidian language.
Pangong Tso: is one of the world’s highest and brackish lakes in Jammu & Kashmir.
Pressure zones on earth: are created due to differential heating of the earth’s surface by the sun.
Proxima Centauri: is a star nearest to the earth.
Rare earths (Or Lignite and Monazite) : are found on the beaches of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Monazite is an ore of thorium.
Roaring Forties: are westerly winds.
Saddle peak: is the highest peak of Andaman and Nicobar islands, located in Great Nicobar.
Savannas: are found between latitudes 5° and 20° North and South of Equator. These are tropical grasslands bordering the equatorial forests in each hemisphere. The Llanos and Pampas of South America are chief examples of Savannas but extensive Savannas are in Africa. Savanna grasslands are also found in Australia. The three-tier growth of vegetation is found in these regions. The natural vegetation of Savannas consists of tall grass.
Selvas: The rain forest of Amazon basin is called Selvas. These are rainy tropical forests..
Semangs (Tribes): are tribal people living in Malaysia.
Spring Tides: are caused when the sun and the moon are in a straight line. The tide on its maximum height is known as Spring Tide.
Taiga Belt: lies between the Tibet-type climate and the Tundras.
Telegu Ganga Project: in Tamil Nadu envisages optimal use of surplus water of the Krishna river. It is a joint venture of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Time Zone: A zone on the terrestrial globe that is 15° longitude wide and extends from pole to pole and within which a uniform clock time is used. Time zones are the functional basis of standard time. The world is divided into 24 time zones.
Tsunamis: are huge sea waves caused by earthquakes.
Willy Willy: is a tropical cyclone of the north-west Australia.
Agronomy: Soil management and production of field crops is known as Agronomy.
Aleurone layer: is that part of the grain in cereals where much of the protein lies.
Alluvial soil: is the richest and most fertile soil of India spread over large areas in northern plains of India.
Arakan Yoma: is the extension of the Himalayas located in Myanmar.
Asthamudi Lake: is located in Kerala State.
Bailadila: in Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh, is known for its wealth of Manganese.
Barhara (Tribes): The Barhara tribes mentioned in the Mahabharata who had settled in the north-western regions of India, are associated with—(1) Ambashthas (a mixed Mongolian Aryan race); (2) Gandharas (Afghans); (3) Pavas.
Bhabhar region: in south of the Shivaliks, is an example of Piedmont situation i.e., belonging to or related to the foot of a mountain.
Bushmen (Tribes): They live in the Kalahari desert. They are probably the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of Africa. They rank among the most uncivilized and backward peoples in the world. Their food consists almost entirely of meat, often raw or decomposed, and in times of scarcity they will eat insects, snakes etc.
Cardamom: Karnataka is the largest producer of cardamom. India is the largest exporter of cardamom in the world.
Chinook: Warm, dry wind experienced along the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains in Canada and the U.S.A.
Climograph: is a graphical representation of the differentiation between various types of climate. It reveals the type of climate at a glance—a climograph showing wet bulb temperatures and relative humidities which are high, for instance, depicts a constantly hot damp climate.
Coastline of India, Length of: The length of India’s coastline is 7,516 km and its territory includes 1,256 islands. Tamil Nadu has the longest coastline in India.
Cosmic year: One cosmic year is equal to the time taken by the sun to complete one orbit around the galactic centre.
Cotopaxi: is the highest volcano in the world. It is situated in Ecuador.
Date Line, International: International Date Line is an internationally agreed line drawn parallel to the 180° meridian. It divides the Pacific Ocean into two equal parts. A crossing of the International Date Line entails repeating one day when travelling westwards.
Detroit of India: Pithampur in Madhya Pradesh, where a large number of automobile industries have been set up, is called the “Detroit of India”.
Doldrums Belt: is a zone of the tropics where the calm lasting for some weeks prevails, broken at times by erratic squalls and baffling winds. It is an area of low pressure. The wind system in the Equatorial areas is known as doldrums.
Dust Devil: is a dusty whirlwind normally a few feet in diameter and about 100 feet tall, sometimes also wider and higher.
Earth mass: The mass of the earth is about 81 times that of the moon.
Earth’s core: is mainly composed of iron and nickel. Lithosphere is the innermost layer of the earth.
El Nino: is the weather phenomenon brewing in the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is the largest climate event of the 20th century setting off more global disasters than ever before. El Nino is warming of the waters off Equatorial South America which causes climate abnormalities around the world. The impact can be flooding drought in California, Brazil, Africa and Australia, severe storms in the Central Pacific and a decline in hurricanes hitting the south-eastern United States.
Exfoliation: This type of weathering is common both in the cold as well as in the hot climate regions.
Fertilizer plant, First: The first fertilizer plant in India was set up at Sindri (Bihar).
Garo (Tribes): Garos are the tribe of Garo Hills in Meghalaya.
Glacial lake—example in India: Dal Lake in Srinagar.
Great Circle: A circle on the earth’s surface whose plane passes through its centre, and bisects it into two hemispheres. Two opposing meridians together form a Great Circle. The shortest distance between any two points on the earth’s surface is the arc of the Great Circle which passes through them. 0° latitude forms a Great Circle. (The latitude or longitude 75°W should be combined with 75°E to obtain the Great Circle).
Horse Latitudes: Sub-tropical belts of high atmospheric pressure over the oceans situated in both hemispheres. These are called Belts of Calm between regions of the Trade Winds and Westerlies of higher latitudes.
Hydroponics: means cultivation of the plants without use of soil.
Hyetology: is the study of rainfall.
Indira Point: in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is the southern-most tip of India.
Irrigated area, Indian State having largest: The Indian State with the largest irrigated area is Uttar Pradesh.
Jhum: It is a slash and burn method of shifting cultivation (called jhum) practised on rainfall-bed slopes of forest hills and dales in Arunachal Pradesh.
Kandla: is a sea port situated at the head of the Gulf of Kuch in Gujarat State. It was the first port to be developed after independence. It has a free trade zone.
Khonds (Tribes): were primitive tribes living in Orissa.
Kikuyu (Tribes) : are a race of Bantu negroes who live to the north of Mount Kenya. These people combine agriculture with pastoralism.
Kirghiz (Tribes): of Central Asia are an example of people adapted to a grassland environment. The Kirghiz are pastoral nomads who move from pasture to pasture with the flocks and herds of horses, camels, oxen, sheep and goats. Meat forms only a small portion of their food. The Kirghiz are fearless horsemen, and even their children are expert riders
Lambadies (Tribes): are concentrated in Karnataka.
Lapse Rate: is the rate of change in temperature with increase of altitude.
Laterite soils: Laterite soils are formed by the weathering of laterite rocks. These can be distinguished from other soils by their acidity. Laterite soils are generally poor on the higher levels and cannot retain moisture. In the plains, however, they consist of heavy loams and clay and can retain moisture. Laterite soils occur in Madhya Pradesh, Assam and along the eastern and western Ghats. Tea plantation require acidity which is there in the laterite soil. It is, therefore, common in these areas.
Loams (loamy soil): Amixture of sand, clay and silt is known as loamy soil. Loams are formed where the soils have equal proportion of sand, silt and clay.
Local winds and their areas: Khamsin—Egypt; Zonda—Argentina; Santa Ana—California; Simoon—Iran.
Lushais (Tribes): are tribes of Mizoram.
Mansarover Lake: is in Tibet. Near it, the rivers having their source are the Brahamputra, the Sutlej and the Indus.
Maoris (Tribes): are the original inhabitants of New Zealand.
Masai (Tribes): of the East African plateau are the example of pastoral peoples. They are a tall, strong, warlike race, partly negroid in type. They treat their cattle with great respect and affection and do not kill them for food or for sale as meat.
Monsoon in India: is related to differential heating and cooling of the huge landmass of Asia and the Indian Ocean and the origin of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal. The term Monsoon was introduced by the Arabs.
Munda (Tribes): are mostly located in Madhya Pradesh.
Negritos (Tribes): are the ancient tribes of Andamans.
Nutrification: is the process of conversion by action of bacteria, of nitrates in the soil.
Onges: are tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Oraon (Tribes): are aboriginal people of the Chhota Nagpur region in the State of Bihar. They call themselves Kurukh and speak a Dravidian language.
Pangong Tso: is one of the world’s highest and brackish lakes in Jammu & Kashmir.
Pressure zones on earth: are created due to differential heating of the earth’s surface by the sun.
Proxima Centauri: is a star nearest to the earth.
Rare earths (Or Lignite and Monazite) : are found on the beaches of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Monazite is an ore of thorium.
Roaring Forties: are westerly winds.
Saddle peak: is the highest peak of Andaman and Nicobar islands, located in Great Nicobar.
Savannas: are found between latitudes 5° and 20° North and South of Equator. These are tropical grasslands bordering the equatorial forests in each hemisphere. The Llanos and Pampas of South America are chief examples of Savannas but extensive Savannas are in Africa. Savanna grasslands are also found in Australia. The three-tier growth of vegetation is found in these regions. The natural vegetation of Savannas consists of tall grass.
Selvas: The rain forest of Amazon basin is called Selvas. These are rainy tropical forests..
Semangs (Tribes): are tribal people living in Malaysia.
Spring Tides: are caused when the sun and the moon are in a straight line. The tide on its maximum height is known as Spring Tide.
Taiga Belt: lies between the Tibet-type climate and the Tundras.
Telegu Ganga Project: in Tamil Nadu envisages optimal use of surplus water of the Krishna river. It is a joint venture of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Time Zone: A zone on the terrestrial globe that is 15° longitude wide and extends from pole to pole and within which a uniform clock time is used. Time zones are the functional basis of standard time. The world is divided into 24 time zones.
Tsunamis: are huge sea waves caused by earthquakes.
Willy Willy: is a tropical cyclone of the north-west Australia.
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) Recruitment
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT)
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research - CSIR)
Uppal Raod, Hyderabad - 500007
Advertisement No. 1/2011
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad is a Premier Research Laboratory under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, which is an autonomous body under the Government of India. Applications are invited from Indian Nationals in prescribed proforma for the following posts :
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research - CSIR)
Uppal Raod, Hyderabad - 500007
Advertisement No. 1/2011
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad is a Premier Research Laboratory under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, which is an autonomous body under the Government of India. Applications are invited from Indian Nationals in prescribed proforma for the following posts :
- Senior Principal Scientist/ Principal Scientist : 04 posts, Age : 50/ 45 years, Pay Scale : PB-4 Rs. 37400-67000 grade pay Rs. 8900/ 8700
- Senior Scientist / Scientist : 38 posts, Age : 37/ 32 years, Pay Scale : PB-3 Rs.15600-39100 grade pay Rs. 7600/ 6600
Application Fee : Rs.100/- in the form of bank DD in favour of Director, IICT payable at Hyderabad. No fee from SC/ST/PH etc.
How to Apply : Apply Online at IICT website from 12/10/2011 to 14/11/2011. Please take a print out and in the registered format and send it to IICT on or before the last date 25/11/2011.
How to Apply : Apply Online at IICT website from 12/10/2011 to 14/11/2011. Please take a print out and in the registered format and send it to IICT on or before the last date 25/11/2011.
Please visit http://www.iictindia.org/latest/jobs/Advt12011/AdvtPointer.htm to get all the details and apply online.
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) Recruitment
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT)
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research - CSIR)
Uppal Raod, Hyderabad - 500007
Advertisement No. 2/2011
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad is a Premier Research Laboratory under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, which is an autonomous body under the Government of India. Applications are invited from Indian Nationals in prescribed proforma for the following Technical posts:
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research - CSIR)
Uppal Raod, Hyderabad - 500007
Advertisement No. 2/2011
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad is a Premier Research Laboratory under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, which is an autonomous body under the Government of India. Applications are invited from Indian Nationals in prescribed proforma for the following Technical posts:
- Senior Technical Officer (1) : 01 post
- Senior Technical Officer (2) : 02 posts
- Senior Technical Officer (1) : 03 posts
- Technical Officer : 02 posts
- Technical Assistant : 02 posts
- Jr. Engineer Gr. I : 03 posts
Application Fee : Rs.100/- in the form of bank DD in favour of Director, IICT payable at Hyderabad. No fee from SC/ST/PH etc.
How to Apply : Apply Online at IICT website from 12/10/2011 to 14/11/2011. Please take a print out and in the registered format and send it to IICT on or before the last date 25/11/2011.
How to Apply : Apply Online at IICT website from 12/10/2011 to 14/11/2011. Please take a print out and in the registered format and send it to IICT on or before the last date 25/11/2011.
Please visit http://www.iictindia.org/latest/jobs/Advt22011/AdvtPointer.htm to get all the details and apply online.
Thursday, October 20, 2011
ISRO RESEARCH ASSISTANTS RECRUITMENT
Government of India / Department of Space
Indian Space Research Organiation (ISRO)
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSC), Balanagar, Hyderabad - 500625
How to Apply : Interested candidates may fill up the on line registration form after going through the general information, guidelines and conditions. Applications will be received on-line only from 20/10/2011 to 05/11/2011.
Please visit http://www.nrsc.gov.in for more information and link to apply Online from 20/10/2011 onwards.
Indian Space Research Organiation (ISRO)
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSC), Balanagar, Hyderabad - 500625
Online Applicaitons are in invited for the following posts in NRSC purely on temporary basis for a maximum period of 3 years from eligible candidates :
- Research Scientist : 01 post in Agro Meteorology/ Atmospheric Sciences, Pay Scale : Rs.15600-39100 + Grade Pay Rs. 6600/-
- Research Scientist : 10 posts in Satellite Data Processing & GIS Analysis, Data Collation and Database Design, Pay Scale : Rs.15600-39100 + Grade Pay Rs. 5400/-
- Research Scientist : 05 posts in Software Development, Pay Scale : Rs.15600-39100 + Grade Pay Rs. 5400/-
How to Apply : Interested candidates may fill up the on line registration form after going through the general information, guidelines and conditions. Applications will be received on-line only from 20/10/2011 to 05/11/2011.
Please visit http://www.nrsc.gov.in for more information and link to apply Online from 20/10/2011 onwards.
APPSC GROUP-II EXPECTED CUT OFF MARKS
APPROXIMATLY 2 LAKHS CANDIDATES APPEAR FOR ALL 3 PAPERS. EXPERTS ANALYSED THAT EXPECTED CUT OFF MARK 315. OVERALL 310 TO 320 MARKS SCORED CANDIDATES ARE READY FOR INTERVIEW. IT IS ONLY FOR CANDIDATES REFERENCE. IT MAY BE TAKE SOME CHANGES AT APPSC FINAL KEY.
Recruitment notification in AP Special Police
Recruitment Notification for 100 posts of SCT Police Constables (APSP) (Men) in 15th Bn., APSP .
Eligibility conditions:
A. All the vacancies will be filled with male candidates belonging to the Aboriginal Tribes who are domiciled in the scheduled areas of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Mahaboobnagar, Adilabad, Warangal and Khammam districts through direct recruitment.
B. Age Limit: A candidate must have attained the age of 18 years and must not have attained the age of 27 years as on 1st January, 2011 i.e., he must have been born not earlier than 2nd January, 1984 and not later than 1st January, 1993. The upper age limit will be relaxable as per details in the notification.
C. Minimum Educational Qualification: As on the date of notification i.e., 19-10-2011, the candidate must have passed 9th class from a School recognised by the State Government.
D. Physical standards: The candidates should meet the following requirements
(a). Height: Must not be less than 156 cms.
(b). Chest: Must not be less than 80 cms round the chest on full inspiration with
a minimum expansion of 3 cms.
Those who intend to apply for these posts may download the prescribed application form from website www.apstatepolice.org in the recruitment folder and they should submit duly filled in application form along with the copies of necessary certificates in any of the 6 centers mentioned in the notification from 08-11-2011 to 19-11-2011 on all working days in between 10.30 hours and 17.00 hours.
The complete text of the notification and application form is put up on www.apstatepolice.org in the recruitment folder.
Eligibility conditions:
A. All the vacancies will be filled with male candidates belonging to the Aboriginal Tribes who are domiciled in the scheduled areas of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Mahaboobnagar, Adilabad, Warangal and Khammam districts through direct recruitment.
B. Age Limit: A candidate must have attained the age of 18 years and must not have attained the age of 27 years as on 1st January, 2011 i.e., he must have been born not earlier than 2nd January, 1984 and not later than 1st January, 1993. The upper age limit will be relaxable as per details in the notification.
C. Minimum Educational Qualification: As on the date of notification i.e., 19-10-2011, the candidate must have passed 9th class from a School recognised by the State Government.
D. Physical standards: The candidates should meet the following requirements
(a). Height: Must not be less than 156 cms.
(b). Chest: Must not be less than 80 cms round the chest on full inspiration with
a minimum expansion of 3 cms.
Those who intend to apply for these posts may download the prescribed application form from website www.apstatepolice.org in the recruitment folder and they should submit duly filled in application form along with the copies of necessary certificates in any of the 6 centers mentioned in the notification from 08-11-2011 to 19-11-2011 on all working days in between 10.30 hours and 17.00 hours.
The complete text of the notification and application form is put up on www.apstatepolice.org in the recruitment folder.
100 Interesting Science Facts
1. Every year over one million earthquakes shake the Earth.
2. It takes 8 minutes 17 seconds for light to travel from the Sun’s surface to the Earth.
3. In October 1999 the 6 billionth person was born.
4. 10 percent of all human beings ever born are alive at this very moment.
5. The Earth spins at 1,000 mph but it travels through space at an incredible 67,000 mph.
7. The largest ever hailstone weighed over 1 kg and fell in Bangladesh in 1986.6. The speed of light is 186,000 miles per second.
8. Every second around 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth.
9. Every year lightning kills 1000 people.
10. In October 1999 an Iceberg the size of London broke free from the Antarctic ice shelf.
11. If you could drive your car straight up you would arrive in space in just over an hour.
12. All the hydrogen atoms in our bodies were created 12 billion years ago in the Big Bang.
13. The Earth is 4.56 billion years old…the same age as the Moon and the Sun.
14. The dinosaurs became extinct before the Rockies or the Alps were formed.
15. Female black widow spiders eat their males after mating.
16. When a flea jumps, the rate of acceleration is 20 times that of the space shuttle during launch.
17. The earliest wine makers lived in Egypt around 2300 BC.
18. If our Sun were just inch in diameter, the nearest star would be 445 miles away.
19. The Australian billy goat plum contains 100 times more vitamin C than an orange.
20. Astronauts cannot belch – there is no gravity to separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.
21. The air at the summit of Mount Everest, 29,029 feet is only a third as thick as the air at sea level.
22. One million, million, million, million, millionth of a second after the Big Bang the Universe was the size of a …pea.
23. DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Swiss Friedrich Mieschler.
24. The molecular structure of DNA was first determined by Watson and Crick in 1953.
24. The molecular structure of DNA was first determined by Watson and Crick in 1953.
25. The thermometer was invented in 1607 by Galileo.
26. Englishman Roger Bacon invented the magnifying glass in 1250.
27. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1866.
28. Wilhelm Rontgen won the first Nobel Prize for physics for discovering X-rays in 1895.
29. The tallest tree ever was an Australian eucalyptus – In 1872 it was measured at 435 feet tall.
30. Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967 – the patient lived for 18 days.
31. The wingspan of a Boeing 747 is longer than the Wright brother’s first flight.
32. An electric eel can produce a shock of up to 650 volts.
33. Human tapeworms can grow up to 22.9m.
34. Chimps can understand 300 different signs.
35. The Ebola virus kills 4 out of every 5 humans it infects.
36. In 5 billion years the Sun will run out of fuel and turn into a Red Giant.
37. Without its lining of mucus your stomach would digest itself.
38. Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200.
39. There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body.
40. An individual blood cell takes about 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body.
41. On the day that Alexander Graham Bell was buried the entire US telephone system was shut down for 1 minute in tribute.
42. The low frequency call of the humpback whale is the loudest noise made by a living creature.
43. The call of the humpback whale is louder than Concorde and can be heard from 500 miles away.
44. A quarter of the world’s plants are threatened with extinction by the year 2010.
45. Each person sheds 40lbs of skin in his or her lifetime.
46. At 15 inches the eyes of giant squids are the largest on the planet.
47. The largest galaxies contain a million, million stars.
48. The Universe contains over 100 billion galaxies.
49. Wounds infested with maggots heal quickly and without spread of gangrene or other infection.
50. More germs are transferred shaking hands than kissing.
51. The longest glacier in Antarctica, the Almbert glacier, is 250 miles long and 40 miles wide.
52. The fastest speed a falling raindrop can hit you is 18mph.
53. A salmon-rich, low cholesterol diet means that Inuits rarely suffer from heart disease.
54. Inbreeding causes 3 out of every 10 Dalmation dogs to suffer from hearing disability.
55. The world’s smallest winged insect, the Tanzanian parasitic wasp, is smaller than the eye of a housefly.
56. If the Sun were the size of a beach ball then Jupiter would be the size of a golf ball and the Earth would be as small as a pea.
57. It would take over an hour for a heavy object to sink 6.7 miles down to the deepest part of the ocean.
58. There are more living organisms on the skin of each human than there are humans on the surface of the earth.
59. The grey whale migrates 12,500 miles from the Artic to Mexico and back every year.
60. Quasars emit more energy than 100 giant galaxies.
61. Quasars are the most distant objects in the Universe.
62. The Saturn V rocket which carried man to the Moon develops power equivalent to fifty 747 jumbo jets.
63. Koalas sleep an average of 22 hours a day, two hours more than the sloth.
64. Light would take .13 seconds to travel around the Earth.
65. Neutron stars are so dense that a teaspoonful would weigh more than all the people on Earth.
66. One in every 2000 babies is born with a tooth.
67. Every hour the Universe expands by a billion miles in all directions.
68. Somewhere in the flicker of a badly tuned TV set is the background radiation from the Big Bang.
69. The temperature in Antarctica plummets as low as -35 degrees Celsius.
70. Space debris travels through space at over 18,000 mph.
71. The International Space Station weighs about 500 tons and is the same size as a football field.
72. Astronauts brought back about 800 pounds of lunar rock to Earth. Most of it has not been analyzed.
73. Tuberculosis is the biggest global killer of women.
74. Hummingbirds consume half of their body weight in food every day.
75. Some species of bamboo grow at a rate of 3ft per day.
76. Saturn would float if you could find an ocean big enough.
77. The highest recorded train speed is 320.2 mph by the TGV train in France.
78. The highest speed ever achieved on a bicycle is 166.94 mph by Fred Rompelburg.
79. The research spacecraft Helios B came within a record 27 million miles of the Sun.
80. 65 million years ago the impact of an asteroid is estimated to have had the power of 10 million H-Bombs.
81. The temperature at the centre of the Earth is estimated to be 5500 degrees Celsius.
82. Argentia in Newfoundland has an average 206 days of fog each year.
83. Mount Waiale’ale in Hawaii is the rainiest place in the world and has 335 rainy days a year.
84. 68% of all UFO sightings are by men.
85. 15% of the world’s fresh water flows down the Amazon.
86. A cat has 32 sets of muscles in each ear.
87. Over two-thirds of people admit to urinating while in public swimming pools.
88. More people die of heart attacks on Monday than on any other day of the week.
89. Beetles are the strongest animals on Earth relative to their size. A rhinoceros beetle can carry 850 times its own weight in its back.
90. In 1961 the Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in Space.
91. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
92. In 1885 Karl Benz built the first car powered by an internal combustion engine.
93. Scotsman John Baird invented the Baird televisor (now the television) in 1925.
94. Io, one of Jupiter’s moons, is the most volcanically active place in the Solar System.
95. The Walkman was launched in Japan by Sony in 1979.
96. Traffic lights with red and green gas lights were first introduced in London in 1868. Unfortunately, they exploded and killed a policeman. The first successful system was installed in Cleveland, Ohio in 1914.
96. Traffic lights with red and green gas lights were first introduced in London in 1868. Unfortunately, they exploded and killed a policeman. The first successful system was installed in Cleveland, Ohio in 1914.
97. Ticks are second only to the mosquito as the most dangerous parasites to humans.
98. 3 billion of the world’s 6 billion population are under the age of 25.
99. Infant mortality in 1900 was 142 in 1000 births. By 2000 it had reduced to just 6 in every 1000.
100. In total there is said to be around 400 million dogs in the world.
Wednesday, October 19, 2011
Monday, October 17, 2011
Friday, October 14, 2011
Wednesday, October 12, 2011
LIC Nomura Mutual Fund Asset Management co. Ltd Recruitment
LIC Nomura Mutual Fund Asset Management Company Ltd. is looking for young bright achievers having aptitude in Marketing especially of Financial Products and services with good communication skills and interested in marketing Mutual Fund Products; for recruitment for the posts Relationship Manager for its Area Offices & Business Centers.
Relationship Manager: 35posts
Qualifications:
a) Post Graduate/Bachelor’s degree from a recognized university with minimum 55% aggregate marks at each level i.e. HSC/SSC/Graduation/Post Graduation (If any). (If any university awards grades instead of marks, applicants should clearly mention the numerical equivalent of the grades in terms of aggregate marks) AND
b) The Candidates should be well versed with MS Office (MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS Access), Internet Explorer, Business Correspondences etc. c) The candidates having experience in Sales & Marketing of financial service products especially of Mutual Fund will be given preference.
AGE (as on 01/04/2011): Minimum 25 years and Maximum 30 years i.e. persons born between 01/04/1981 and 01/04/1986, both dates inclusive, will be eligible in terms of age.
Application Fees: A Non – refundable amount of Rs.100/- (Rupees one hundred only) by way of Demand Draft drawn in favour of “LIC NOMURA MF AMC LTD.”, payable at Mumbai, should be enclosed with the application. Incomplete applications or applications with defective demand drafts shall be liable for rejection.
How to apply: Applications complete in all respects together with the enclosures should be addressed to “The AGM, Recruitment Cell, LIC NOMURA Mutual Fund AMC Ltd., 4th Floor, Industrial Assurance Bldg., Opp. Church gate Station, Mumbai – 400 020.
Last date: 31-10-2011
For more details Click here
Relationship Manager: 35posts
Qualifications:
a) Post Graduate/Bachelor’s degree from a recognized university with minimum 55% aggregate marks at each level i.e. HSC/SSC/Graduation/Post Graduation (If any). (If any university awards grades instead of marks, applicants should clearly mention the numerical equivalent of the grades in terms of aggregate marks) AND
b) The Candidates should be well versed with MS Office (MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS Access), Internet Explorer, Business Correspondences etc. c) The candidates having experience in Sales & Marketing of financial service products especially of Mutual Fund will be given preference.
AGE (as on 01/04/2011): Minimum 25 years and Maximum 30 years i.e. persons born between 01/04/1981 and 01/04/1986, both dates inclusive, will be eligible in terms of age.
Application Fees: A Non – refundable amount of Rs.100/- (Rupees one hundred only) by way of Demand Draft drawn in favour of “LIC NOMURA MF AMC LTD.”, payable at Mumbai, should be enclosed with the application. Incomplete applications or applications with defective demand drafts shall be liable for rejection.
How to apply: Applications complete in all respects together with the enclosures should be addressed to “The AGM, Recruitment Cell, LIC NOMURA Mutual Fund AMC Ltd., 4th Floor, Industrial Assurance Bldg., Opp. Church gate Station, Mumbai – 400 020.
Last date: 31-10-2011
For more details Click here
General Insurance Corporation of India
GIC Re, the „Indian Reinsurer and 14th largest Reinsurance Company in the world fully owned by Government of India with the network in India and abroad is looking for Young, Energetic Graduates / Post Graduates with Brilliant Academic record in the disciplines mentioned below to fill-in the positions of 50 Specialist Officers in the cadre of Assistant Managers (Scale-I) to be based in its offices in India and abroad and will be liable to be posted anywhere in India as well as abroad as per the requirement of the Corporation.
- Insurance: 10posts
Qualification: Graduate + PG in General/Life Insurance/ Math’s /Stats/AIII/FIII
- Marine Engineering: 02posts
Qualification: BE / B.Tech (Marine)
- Aeronautical Engineering: 02posts
Qualification: BE / B.Tech (Aeronautical)
- Chemical Engineering: 02posts
Qualification: BE / B.Tech (Chemical)
- Mechanical/ Electrical Engineering: 02posts
Qualification: BE / B.Tech (Mechanical/ Electrical)
- Research & Development: 02posts
Qualification: MSc (Stats / Math’s)
- Medical: 01post
Qualification: MBBS
- Marketing: 02posts
Qualification: Graduate + PG in Marketing
- Enterprise Risk Management: 02posts
Qualification: Graduate + PG in Risk Management
- Information Technology (Software): 03posts
Qualification: B.E. / B. Tech. Software Engineer/MCA/IT
- Information Technology (Hardware): 02posts
Qualification: B.E. / B. Tech. (Electronic Engineer)
- Finance / Accounts: 11posts
Qualification: B.Com+ CA Inter/M.Com
- Human resource development: 03posts
Qualification: Graduate + PG in HRM / Personnel Mgmt
- Legal: 03posts
Qualification: Graduate + LLB / B.L.
- Civil Engineering: 02posts
Qualification: BE / B.Tech (Civil)
- Publicity: 01post
Qualification: Graduate + PG in Mass Communications & Journalism
AGE: Age (As on 30.09.2011)
1. Minimum age: 21 years.
2. Maximum age: 30 years
Exam Date: Competitive written examination will be held at 04 centers in India tentatively on Sunday the 4th of December?2011
How to apply: Candidates satisfying the eligibility conditions have to apply through online registration system of GIC Re i.e. www.epostonline.in/GIC
Last Date: 05-11-2011
For more details Click here
Eastern Naval Command Naval Base
Applications are invited from eligible candidates in the prescribed format for recruitment to the following posts:
- Store Keeper: 15 posts
Qualification: Candidate should have a degree from a recognized University preferably with one year experience in store work in a Government Department, Public Undertaking or a reputed Firm Or Matriculation with Diploma in Mechanical or Electrical Engineering from a recognized Institute preferably with I years experience in stores work in Government Department, Public Undertaking or a reputed workshop Or Matriculation with certificate from Industrial Training Institute or approved apprenticeship in engineering grade with 5 years experience in stores work in Government public undertaking or a reputed workshop
- Stenographer Gr.III: 58posts
Qualification: Candidate should be Matriculate or its equivalent from a recognized Board/Institution. Must possess a speed of 80 words per minute in shorthand either in English or in Hindi to be transcribed on typewriter within the time prescribed for the purpose
- Lower Division Clerk: 232posts
Qualification: Must be Matriculate or its equivalent from a recognized Institution Board. Must possess a minimum speed of 30 words per minute in English or 25 words per minute in Hindi typewriting. A physically handicapped person who is otherwise qualified to hold a clerical post but does not possess the said qualification in typewriting may be appointed subject to the condition that a Civil Surgeon or equivalent certifies that the said handicapped person is not in a fit condition to be able to type
- Telephone Operator Gr. II: 11posts
Qualification: Candidate should be matriculate or its equivalent with English as a compulsory subject. Should be proficient in handling of PBX Board
- Civilian Motor Driver (OG): 69posts
Qualification: Candidate should have a Driving license for heavy Motor Vehicles. And should have 1 years practical experience in Heavy Motor Vehicles driving
- Cinema Projectionists Gr-II: 01post
Qualification: Candidate should be Middle School Standard pass or equivalent from a recognized Board/institution. Must be in possession of license prescribed by respective State Government/ Municipal Corporation etc., and should have two years experience in the appropriate field/trade
- Fire Engine Driver Gr.II: 41posts
Qualification: Candidate must have passed Middle School examination or equivalent. Must have at least three years experience of driving heavy vehicles and be in possession of valid driving Vehicles and be in possession of valid driving license. Must be physically fit and capable of performing strenuous duties and this recruitment will be as under:
(i)Height without shoes- 165 cm (provided that a concession of 2.5 cm in height shall be allowed for members of the Scheduled Tribes.
(ii)Chest (without expansion)-81.5cm
(iii) Chest (with expansion) -85 cm
(iv)Weight (minimum)-50 kgs
- Lady Health Visitor: 01post
Qualification: Candidate should be Matriculate and should have some special training after her basic auxiliary nurse midwifery course or the candidate has done a course which has been specifically strengthened with regard to family planning and the total family planning health outlook
How to apply: Applications on the given prescribed proforma with attested copies of certificate/ testimonials in support of age, educational qualifications, technical qualifications, experience, caste, Ex-Servicemen as per orders etc. showing the particulars as per the proforma should reach to "The Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief (for CCPO), Headquarters, Eastern Naval Command, Arjun Block, Naval Base Post Office, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh -530014"
Last date: 30-11-2011
For more details Click here